Human Diseases
Human Diseases
A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own paticular symptoms and signs, clues that enables a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding or pain. A sign is something a physician can detect. Every disease has a cause, although some of the causes remain to be descovered. Every disease has a cycle of onset, or begining, course or time span of afflication and end, when it disappears or it partially kills its victim. An ipedemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is known as endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and run a short course. A chronic disease has a long onset and runs a long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic aliment.
Kinds of Disease Infectious (communicable) diseases are those that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms viruses, bacteria, fungi and worms can produce infectious disease. The asymptomic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without knowing he has it.
Non-infectious (non-communicable) diseases are caused by malfunction of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included disterbance of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine, the uninary and reproductive system. Some diseases can be caused due diet defeciancies, lapses in body's defence system or a poorly operating nervous system.
Difeciency diseases due to defeciency in the diet of nutrients. They can generally be cured by providing the missing nutrients.
(a) Protein deficiency causes two major diseases Kwashiorkar and Marasmus.
(b) Mineral deficiency causes specific deseases. (i) Anaemia: Iron defeciency causes haemoglobin defeciancy in the blood. (ii) Goitre: Iodine defeciency causes no synthesis of thyroxine hormone of thyriod gland. (iii) Hyponatremia: potassium deficiency. (iv) Hyponatremia: Sodium defeciency causes this state of low blood pressure and loss of body weight.
(c) Vitamin defeciency causes a variety of diseases. (i) Night Blindness: Vitamin A. (ii) Xerophthalmia: dryness of eye due to lack of vitamin A. (iii) Dermatosis: Vitamin A. (iv) Beri-beri: Vitamin B. (V) Ariboflavinosis: Vitamin B. (vi) Scurvy: Vitamin C. (vii) Ostemalacia: Vitamin D. etc.
Infectious diseases are caused by various agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. (a) Disease caused by bacteria: Chrolera, Dipheria, Tuberclosis, Leprosy, Tetanus, Cough, Sore throat, Pneumonia, Syphilis, Botulism, etc. (b) Disease caused by viruses: Chikenpox, Measles, Rabies, Mumps, AIDS, etc. (c) Disease caused by fungi: Ringworm, Athlete's foot, Dhobie itch, etc. (d) Disease caused by protozoans: Amoebiasis, Malaria, Diarrhoea, etc. (e) Disease caused by worms: Filaria, Tapeworm and Hookworm transmission.
Degenerative Diseases occur due to some organ or organ system in the body. They are: Heart attack, Diabetes mellitus, Arthritis.
Eye Diseases
Name of diseases and symptoms: Astigmatism: Visual activity is decreased, eye strain causes headche, cylindrical lenses should be used.
(a) Cataract: Normal vission is hampered, blindness may be caused. Lens is removed and artificial lens is used.
(b) Glaucoma: Aqueous humour pressure increases. It may cause blindness.
(c) Hypermetropia: Distant objects can be seen clearly, near objects cannot be seen clearly. Biconvex lens is used.
(d) Strabismus: Eye ball terns to any on the sides.
(e) Trachoma: Redness in the eye, sensation for foreign body in eye.
CancerCancer is a general term used to describe over 200 indivitual diseases. This diseases progess differntly over a period of time but share certain characteristics that include development without any tissue of a malignant growth derieved from the abnormalities of the host, and repoduce indefinitely.
Sometimes cancer cells do not remain confined to one part of the body and penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the origin tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth. The growth resulting from the devidion of such cells are called as neopladtic growth of tumors. Tumors are commonly classified as: (i)Benign tumors: Abnormal and persistent cell division that remains localised at the spot of origin results in the benign tumors. In some cases it can be fatal. (ii) Malignant Tumour: It first grows slowly and this state is called the latent state. The tumour later grows quickly. The cancer cells go beyond adjecent tissue and enter the blood and lymph. Then they migrate to many other sites in the body where thhe cancer cells continue to divide. It is metastasis.
The mases of such abnormal cells formed and spread in this way lead to the death of the host if not eradicated. The incidence of cancer is rising steadily.
Breast CancerIt is becoming a common disease all over the world. It occurs in women and men. But women are more vulnerable to it. The risk cancer increses with aging in the women. The risk factors include alcohol consumption and obesity. Inherited mutations such as in the BRCAI1 and BRCAI2 genes greatly increases the women's risk of breaste cancer, but genetic factors account for only 10% of the afffected. The risk is higher for women with a personal or family history; a long menstrual history; recent use of oral concepttives or postmenopausal hormone replace therapy; and no children or no live birth until age 30 or older. Physical symptoms includea breasting, swelling, distortion or tenderness; skin irritation or dimpling;or pain, scaliness, retraction of nipple. Breast pain is more commonly associated with benign conditions..
AIDSAquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) which attacks human immune system, esp. lymphocytes. HIV is transmetted through blood and blood products, seminal and vaginal fluids, unprotected sex, infected blood transfussion, contaminated neeedles, arteficial insemination, child birth to infected parents, etc. It however does not spread by kissing, coughing, mosquito bites, food, water, working together, etc. Symptoms can be rapid weight loss, chronic diarrhoe, prolonged fever,persistent cough, herpeszoster infection, etc.
Tests like Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Asssay or ELISA kit, Particle Agglutination Tests(PAT), Immuno Precipitation Assay (RIPA), HIVA test, etc. are used to detect cases.
SARSSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
Symptoms High fever (above 38 degree C) and cough or breathing defficulty;one or more of the following exposures during the ten days prior to onset of symptoms; close contact with a person who is suspect or probable case of SARS; travel to or living in an area with recent local transmission of SARS.
Blood Vessel DiseaseCholesterol: A blood cholesterol level over 240 mg/dl (milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood) approximately doubles the risk of coronary heart disease. Blood cholesterol levels between 200 and 240 mg/dl are in a zone of moderate and incresing risk. An estiated 6.5 m(10.8% of) youths aged 4-19 have levels of 200 mgh/dl or higher.
Blood PressureHigh blood pressure or hyprtension, affects people of all races, sexes, ethnic origins, and ages. Various causes can trigger this often symptomless disease. Since hypertension can increase one's risk to stroke, heart failure, attack, kidney failure, etc. it is recommended that indivitual have a blood pressure at least once every year. A blood pressure reading is rereally two measurements in one, with one written over the other, such as 112/78.
High blood pressure is divided into 4 stages, based on severity: stage 1(mind) hagh blood pressure ranges from 140/90 to 155/99; stage 2(moderate) is from 180/110 to 209/119; stage 4 (very severe) is 210/120 and up. The diagnosis of hypertension can be based on either the systolic or the diastolic reasing. High blood pressure can oly be controlled by lifestyle modifications and medication.
Heart AttackWarning Signs: Uncamfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the centre of the chest lasting for 2 minutes or longer; Pain may radiate to the shoulder, arm, neck, or jaw; Sweating may accompany pain or discomfort; Nauseaess of breath, dizziness, or fainting may accompany other signs.
Stroke- Warning Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body; Sudden confusion, trouble in speaking or understanding; Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; Sudden trouble in walking, dizzziness, loss of balance or coordination; Sudden severe headche with no known cause.
Genetic Disorder(i) ABO incompability: O group mothers dont possess antigen A or B but have anti-A and anti-B antibodies. A or B group foetus in O group invites antibodies in the body of the mother causing partial destruction of RBCs and production of bilirubin (affecting the baby with mild anaemia and jaundice). Similarly, A-group foetus in B-group mother or B-group foetus in A-group mother is attacked by antibodies of mother. ABO hemolytic disease of new born is quite common and less severe as compared to Rh-incompatibility. (ii) Sikle Cell anaemia: It is due to a resesive autosomal gene (Hbs) that that cause abnormality in haemoglobin resulting in sickle of RBCs sickle cells. (iii) Phenylketonuria causes deficiency of an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxyls in liver. (iv) Haemophilia a recessive trait that occurs due to absence of plasma thromboplastic or anti-haemoglophilia globulin. (v) Red-Green Color blidness: makes one unable to distinguish between red and green colour. (vi)Thalassemia results from defective synthsis of sub-units of haemoglobin. (vii) Downs' Syndrome or Mongolian Idiocy is caused by trisomy of 21st autonomic chromosome having a total of 46. It is characterised by round face, flattened nasal bridge, broad fore-head, projecting lower lip, short neck, stubby fingers, etc.
Mental IllnessPsychosis: disease of CNS. It could also be related to diabetes, hypertension, and TB. In this case the patient is unaware of the illness and refuses treatment.
Epilepdy: Seizures charecterised by abnormal electrical dicharge in a part of brain. Symptoms: fits of convulsions(jerk, togue biting, stiffness, sensory changes), cry, etc.
Neurosis: The patients show execive reaction to given stress. It involves abnormal anxiety, fear, sadness, vague aches and pains.
Schizophrenia: It is characterized by disorganized personality. Regular use of chlopomazine and psychosocial therapy give a lot of relief.
Medical TechnologyA. Diagnostic Instruments: (i) ECG-electrocardiograph detcts myoelectrical changes during cardiac cycle. (ii) Echocardiography: asonographic imging of heart, heart vessels, valves, walls, etc. (ii) EEG-electtoencephalograph records electric activity from differnt parts of brain. It diagnoses epilepsy, brain tuumour, abscesses, drug effects on brain, sleep disorder, etc. (iv) MET - Magneto Encephalographic Technique detects weak magnetic waves to find out the health of various parts of brain. (v) Autoanalysers are automatic computerlised instruments that estimate different biochemicals present in body fluids like urine, cholestrol, glucose, etc.
B. Imaging Instruments: (i) Tomography- create a 3D image of internal area in layers. It detects cysts, calculi, cancer, etc. (ii) CT Scaning - an imaging method using invasive technique with low-level X-ray radiation. It detects disorders in abdomen, chest, spinal chord, internal haemorrhage, tumour, etc. (iii) CAT scaning - detects problems inside the skull and location of any pathological condition. (iv) MRI - it uses strong external field for mapping internal tissues, to highlight pathalogical changes and studying tissue metabolism. Imaging can be obtained from any plane. (iv) Ultrasonic imaging is used to diagnose kidney stone, gall bladder stone, intestinal obstruction, fallopian tuube, age, health, gender of foetus, etc.
C. Therapeutic Instruments (i) Pacemaker - regulates the heart beat. (ii) Angioplasartery vessel through ballooning. (iii) Angiography is a method of introducing radio-opaque contrast medium or flueroscopic chemical through various parts of heart to study the health of walls, valves, ventricles, coronary srteries, etc. The progress could be filmed.
Human Diseases
A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own paticular symptoms and signs, clues that enables a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding or pain. A sign is something a physician can detect. Every disease has a cause, although some of the causes remain to be descovered. Every disease has a cycle of onset, or begining, course or time span of afflication and end, when it disappears or it partially kills its victim. An ipedemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is known as endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and run a short course. A chronic disease has a long onset and runs a long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic aliment.
Kinds of Disease Infectious (communicable) diseases are those that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms viruses, bacteria, fungi and worms can produce infectious disease. The asymptomic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without knowing he has it.
Non-infectious (non-communicable) diseases are caused by malfunction of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included disterbance of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine, the uninary and reproductive system. Some diseases can be caused due diet defeciancies, lapses in body's defence system or a poorly operating nervous system.
Difeciency diseases due to defeciency in the diet of nutrients. They can generally be cured by providing the missing nutrients.
(a) Protein deficiency causes two major diseases Kwashiorkar and Marasmus.
(b) Mineral deficiency causes specific deseases. (i) Anaemia: Iron defeciency causes haemoglobin defeciancy in the blood. (ii) Goitre: Iodine defeciency causes no synthesis of thyroxine hormone of thyriod gland. (iii) Hyponatremia: potassium deficiency. (iv) Hyponatremia: Sodium defeciency causes this state of low blood pressure and loss of body weight.
(c) Vitamin defeciency causes a variety of diseases. (i) Night Blindness: Vitamin A. (ii) Xerophthalmia: dryness of eye due to lack of vitamin A. (iii) Dermatosis: Vitamin A. (iv) Beri-beri: Vitamin B. (V) Ariboflavinosis: Vitamin B. (vi) Scurvy: Vitamin C. (vii) Ostemalacia: Vitamin D. etc.
Infectious diseases are caused by various agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. (a) Disease caused by bacteria: Chrolera, Dipheria, Tuberclosis, Leprosy, Tetanus, Cough, Sore throat, Pneumonia, Syphilis, Botulism, etc. (b) Disease caused by viruses: Chikenpox, Measles, Rabies, Mumps, AIDS, etc. (c) Disease caused by fungi: Ringworm, Athlete's foot, Dhobie itch, etc. (d) Disease caused by protozoans: Amoebiasis, Malaria, Diarrhoea, etc. (e) Disease caused by worms: Filaria, Tapeworm and Hookworm transmission.
Degenerative Diseases occur due to some organ or organ system in the body. They are: Heart attack, Diabetes mellitus, Arthritis.
Eye Diseases
Name of diseases and symptoms: Astigmatism: Visual activity is decreased, eye strain causes headche, cylindrical lenses should be used.
(a) Cataract: Normal vission is hampered, blindness may be caused. Lens is removed and artificial lens is used.
(b) Glaucoma: Aqueous humour pressure increases. It may cause blindness.
(c) Hypermetropia: Distant objects can be seen clearly, near objects cannot be seen clearly. Biconvex lens is used.
(d) Strabismus: Eye ball terns to any on the sides.
(e) Trachoma: Redness in the eye, sensation for foreign body in eye.
CancerCancer is a general term used to describe over 200 indivitual diseases. This diseases progess differntly over a period of time but share certain characteristics that include development without any tissue of a malignant growth derieved from the abnormalities of the host, and repoduce indefinitely.
Sometimes cancer cells do not remain confined to one part of the body and penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the origin tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth. The growth resulting from the devidion of such cells are called as neopladtic growth of tumors. Tumors are commonly classified as: (i)Benign tumors: Abnormal and persistent cell division that remains localised at the spot of origin results in the benign tumors. In some cases it can be fatal. (ii) Malignant Tumour: It first grows slowly and this state is called the latent state. The tumour later grows quickly. The cancer cells go beyond adjecent tissue and enter the blood and lymph. Then they migrate to many other sites in the body where thhe cancer cells continue to divide. It is metastasis.
The mases of such abnormal cells formed and spread in this way lead to the death of the host if not eradicated. The incidence of cancer is rising steadily.
Breast CancerIt is becoming a common disease all over the world. It occurs in women and men. But women are more vulnerable to it. The risk cancer increses with aging in the women. The risk factors include alcohol consumption and obesity. Inherited mutations such as in the BRCAI1 and BRCAI2 genes greatly increases the women's risk of breaste cancer, but genetic factors account for only 10% of the afffected. The risk is higher for women with a personal or family history; a long menstrual history; recent use of oral concepttives or postmenopausal hormone replace therapy; and no children or no live birth until age 30 or older. Physical symptoms includea breasting, swelling, distortion or tenderness; skin irritation or dimpling;or pain, scaliness, retraction of nipple. Breast pain is more commonly associated with benign conditions..
AIDSAquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) which attacks human immune system, esp. lymphocytes. HIV is transmetted through blood and blood products, seminal and vaginal fluids, unprotected sex, infected blood transfussion, contaminated neeedles, arteficial insemination, child birth to infected parents, etc. It however does not spread by kissing, coughing, mosquito bites, food, water, working together, etc. Symptoms can be rapid weight loss, chronic diarrhoe, prolonged fever,persistent cough, herpeszoster infection, etc.
Tests like Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Asssay or ELISA kit, Particle Agglutination Tests(PAT), Immuno Precipitation Assay (RIPA), HIVA test, etc. are used to detect cases.
SARSSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
Symptoms High fever (above 38 degree C) and cough or breathing defficulty;one or more of the following exposures during the ten days prior to onset of symptoms; close contact with a person who is suspect or probable case of SARS; travel to or living in an area with recent local transmission of SARS.
Blood Vessel DiseaseCholesterol: A blood cholesterol level over 240 mg/dl (milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood) approximately doubles the risk of coronary heart disease. Blood cholesterol levels between 200 and 240 mg/dl are in a zone of moderate and incresing risk. An estiated 6.5 m(10.8% of) youths aged 4-19 have levels of 200 mgh/dl or higher.
Blood PressureHigh blood pressure or hyprtension, affects people of all races, sexes, ethnic origins, and ages. Various causes can trigger this often symptomless disease. Since hypertension can increase one's risk to stroke, heart failure, attack, kidney failure, etc. it is recommended that indivitual have a blood pressure at least once every year. A blood pressure reading is rereally two measurements in one, with one written over the other, such as 112/78.
High blood pressure is divided into 4 stages, based on severity: stage 1(mind) hagh blood pressure ranges from 140/90 to 155/99; stage 2(moderate) is from 180/110 to 209/119; stage 4 (very severe) is 210/120 and up. The diagnosis of hypertension can be based on either the systolic or the diastolic reasing. High blood pressure can oly be controlled by lifestyle modifications and medication.
Heart AttackWarning Signs: Uncamfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the centre of the chest lasting for 2 minutes or longer; Pain may radiate to the shoulder, arm, neck, or jaw; Sweating may accompany pain or discomfort; Nauseaess of breath, dizziness, or fainting may accompany other signs.
Stroke- Warning Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body; Sudden confusion, trouble in speaking or understanding; Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; Sudden trouble in walking, dizzziness, loss of balance or coordination; Sudden severe headche with no known cause.
Genetic Disorder(i) ABO incompability: O group mothers dont possess antigen A or B but have anti-A and anti-B antibodies. A or B group foetus in O group invites antibodies in the body of the mother causing partial destruction of RBCs and production of bilirubin (affecting the baby with mild anaemia and jaundice). Similarly, A-group foetus in B-group mother or B-group foetus in A-group mother is attacked by antibodies of mother. ABO hemolytic disease of new born is quite common and less severe as compared to Rh-incompatibility. (ii) Sikle Cell anaemia: It is due to a resesive autosomal gene (Hbs) that that cause abnormality in haemoglobin resulting in sickle of RBCs sickle cells. (iii) Phenylketonuria causes deficiency of an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxyls in liver. (iv) Haemophilia a recessive trait that occurs due to absence of plasma thromboplastic or anti-haemoglophilia globulin. (v) Red-Green Color blidness: makes one unable to distinguish between red and green colour. (vi)Thalassemia results from defective synthsis of sub-units of haemoglobin. (vii) Downs' Syndrome or Mongolian Idiocy is caused by trisomy of 21st autonomic chromosome having a total of 46. It is characterised by round face, flattened nasal bridge, broad fore-head, projecting lower lip, short neck, stubby fingers, etc.
Mental IllnessPsychosis: disease of CNS. It could also be related to diabetes, hypertension, and TB. In this case the patient is unaware of the illness and refuses treatment.
Epilepdy: Seizures charecterised by abnormal electrical dicharge in a part of brain. Symptoms: fits of convulsions(jerk, togue biting, stiffness, sensory changes), cry, etc.
Neurosis: The patients show execive reaction to given stress. It involves abnormal anxiety, fear, sadness, vague aches and pains.
Schizophrenia: It is characterized by disorganized personality. Regular use of chlopomazine and psychosocial therapy give a lot of relief.
Medical TechnologyA. Diagnostic Instruments: (i) ECG-electrocardiograph detcts myoelectrical changes during cardiac cycle. (ii) Echocardiography: asonographic imging of heart, heart vessels, valves, walls, etc. (ii) EEG-electtoencephalograph records electric activity from differnt parts of brain. It diagnoses epilepsy, brain tuumour, abscesses, drug effects on brain, sleep disorder, etc. (iv) MET - Magneto Encephalographic Technique detects weak magnetic waves to find out the health of various parts of brain. (v) Autoanalysers are automatic computerlised instruments that estimate different biochemicals present in body fluids like urine, cholestrol, glucose, etc.
B. Imaging Instruments: (i) Tomography- create a 3D image of internal area in layers. It detects cysts, calculi, cancer, etc. (ii) CT Scaning - an imaging method using invasive technique with low-level X-ray radiation. It detects disorders in abdomen, chest, spinal chord, internal haemorrhage, tumour, etc. (iii) CAT scaning - detects problems inside the skull and location of any pathological condition. (iv) MRI - it uses strong external field for mapping internal tissues, to highlight pathalogical changes and studying tissue metabolism. Imaging can be obtained from any plane. (iv) Ultrasonic imaging is used to diagnose kidney stone, gall bladder stone, intestinal obstruction, fallopian tuube, age, health, gender of foetus, etc.
C. Therapeutic Instruments (i) Pacemaker - regulates the heart beat. (ii) Angioplasartery vessel through ballooning. (iii) Angiography is a method of introducing radio-opaque contrast medium or flueroscopic chemical through various parts of heart to study the health of walls, valves, ventricles, coronary srteries, etc. The progress could be filmed.
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